Pearl Harbor Essays (1515 words) - Attack On Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor On 7 December 1941 the greatest disaster in United States history occurred. Truly this was and is, A date which will live in infamy.(Costello 1), but not for the bombing of Pearl Harbor, rather for the deception and the mis-guidance used by the Government and Franklin D. Roosevelt. In a purely artificial chess game Roosevelt sacrificed over 2400 American Seamens lives, thanks to his power as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. By over-looking the obvious facts of an attack by Japan on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt was able to control both the political and economic systems of the United States. Most of American society before the Pearl Harbor bombing believed in the idea of isolationism. Franklin D. Roosevelt knew this, and knew the only way in which United States countrymen would take arms and fight in Europes War was to be an overt action against the United States by a member of the Axis Power. Roosevelt also believed Hitler would not declare war on the United States unless he knew they were beatable. There are numerous accounts of actions by Roosevelt and his top armed forces advisors, which reveal they were not only aware of an attack by Japan, but also they were planning on it, and instigating that attack. On 7 October 1940, Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum, head of the Far East desk of the Office of Naval Intelligence, wrote the eight-action memo. This memo outlined eight different steps the United States could do that he predicted would lead to an attack by Japan on the United States. The day after this memo was giving to Franklin D. Roosevelt, he began to implement these steps. By the time that Japan finally attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, all eight steps had occurred (Willy 1). The eight steps consisted of two main subject areas; the first being a sign of United States military preparedness and threat of attack, the second being a forceful control on Japans trade and economy. The main subject area of the eight-action memo was the sign of United States military preparedness and threat of attack. McCollum called for the United States to make arrangements with both Britain (Action A) and Holland (Action B), for the use of military facilities and acquisition of supplies in both Singapore and Indonesia. He also suggested for the deployment of a division of long-range heavy cruisers (Action D) and two divisions of submarines (Action E) to the Orient. The last key factor McCollum called for was to keep the United States Fleet in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands (Action F). Roosevelt personally took charge of Actions D and E; these actions were called pop up cruises. Roosevelt had this to say about the cruises, I just want them to keep popping up here and there and keep the Japs guessing (Stinnett 9). With the fleet located around Hawaii and particularly in Pearl Harbor a double-sided sword was created; it allowed for quicker deployment times into South Pacif ic Water, but more importantly it lacked many fundamental military needs, and was vulnerable due to its geographic location. To understand the true vulnerability of Pearl Harbor one must look at Oahu, the Hawaiian Island that the military base is located. The North part of the island is all mountains, these mountains hinder the vision of military look out points, making an attack from the North virtually a surprise until the sound of fighter planes are over head. There were many key military needs that were missing from Pearl Harbor, and they were; a lack of training facilities, lack of large-scale ammunition and fuel supplies, lack of support craft such as tugs and repair ships, and a lack of overhaul facilities such as dry-docking and machine shops. Commander in Chief, United States Fleet - Admiral James O. Richardson, was outraged when he was told by President Roosevelt of his plans on keeping the fleet in Hawaiian Waters. Richardson knew of the problems and vulnerability of Pearl Harbor, the safety of his men and warships was paramount. In a luncheon with Roosevelt, Richardson confronted the President, and by doing so ended his military career. Four months later Richardson

The eNotes Blog Can Women in Science Also HaveKids

Can Women in Science Also HaveKids I was in graduate school in 2005.   During the Spring semester, I was enrolled in two courses which I adored and looked forward to daily. One was The History of Science with Dr. Pamela Gossin and the other was Women in Science and Science Fiction with Dr. Edrie Sobstyl. I also had an eight-year-old daughter and a five-year-old son.   I was a teaching assistant at my university as well. I thought it would kill me. Ive always had an interest in science and love to learn about process and theory, but sadly, Ive never had the math brain to pursue real science. But I knew plenty of brilliant women who did.   I knew what would be required of them, far more than would be asked of someone in humanities pursuing a doctoral degree.   Many of these young women also wanted to have children.   They wondered and worried about how they could pursue the intellectual life they loved and the emotional life they also desired.   There was no good answer. But we all realized how the system was stacked for men. So in the winter of 2005, when Harvard President Lawrence Summers made   dismissive remarks about womens intellectual abilities, many of us balked at how unfair such comparisons were,   The reasons women were not reaching the upper echelons of research and academia had almost nothing to do with ability. Instead, what mostly held (and holds) women back is a system designed around the lives and needs of men.    A recent article on this topic in the Atlantic by Nicholas H. Wolfinger clearly articulates those reasons.   Wolfinger writes: [L]ess than one half of tenured female faculty all disciplines  are married with children. Consequently, aspiring female scholars dont have a lot of role models, especially those whove managed to combine marriage and children with a successful career in academic scienceMarried female scientists are almost always in dual-career marriages, while only around half of male faculty have wives who work full-time. One spouse must defer, and that spouse is likely to be wife (unfortunately we have no data on same-sex unions, or non-marital live-in relationships). And unlike in most other professions, taking an academic job typically requires relocation to another state. The baby penalty is even easier to understand. Many women are loath to face the demanding publish or perish assistant professor years while caring for young children; cognizant of this challenge, some academic search committees are reluctant to hire women perceived to be on the mommy track rather than the tenure track. These problems persist because the rigid academic career structure really doesnt offer women any good time to have children. There are some ways to combat this problem and keep talented women who also want to have families in university research.   First, Wolfinger suggests two important amendments:   tenure-clock stoppage and parental leave.  Ã‚   The latter, parental leave, he argues, should be entitlements, not rights granted through special accommodations that have to be requested and approved.   Wolfinger acknowledges that many institutions do grant leave, but because the time off is only available to women, most women feel stigmatized by taking advantage of it.   However, if the leave was granted to both men and women  and men were encouraged to take the time off as well, the stigma would lessen and families would be strengthened in the process. Even more important than leave for both men and women would be a reversible part-time option for tenure-track faculty.   The most recent data we located showed that over half of American corporations let parents go part-time, but less than ten percent of colleges and universities do soThis option preserves existing tenure standards but extends the probationary period. The key to the policy is the right to return to full-time employment down the road. The third point Wolfinger makes is to give maternity leave to graduate students as only 13 percent of female graduate students had access to at least six weeks of unrestricted leave (the corresponding figure for faculty is 58 percent).   This needs to change, he argues. Intellectually inept? Hardly.   Accommodations that really arent that difficult to adopt will create a more level playing field and will keep some of our top minds in research.

How Are Coral Reefs Formed

How Are Coral Reefs Formed Reefs are centers of biodiversity, where youll find many types of fish,  invertebrates and other marine life. But did you know that coral reefs are also alive? What Are Coral Reefs? Before learning how reefs form, its helpful to define a reef.  Acoral reef is made up of animals called stony corals. The stony corals are made up of tiny, soft colonial organisms called polyps. Polyps look a lot like a sea anemone, as they are related to these animals. They are invertebrates in the Cnidaria  phylum. In stony corals, the polyp sits within a calyx, or cup that it excretes. This calyx is made of limestone, also known as calcium carbonate. The polyps are interconnected to form a mass of living tissue over the limestone skeleton.  This limestone is why these corals are called stony corals.   How Do Reefs Form? As the polyps live, reproduce, and die, they leave their skeletons behind.  A coral reef is built up by layers of these skeletons covered by living polyps. The polyps reproduce either through fragmentation (when a piece breaks off and new polyps form) or sexual reproduction through spawning. A  reef ecosystem  may be made up of many species of corals.  Healthy reefs are typically colorful, highly biodiverse areas made up of a mishmash of corals and the species that inhabit them, such as fish,  sea turtles, and invertebrates such as  sponges, shrimp, lobsters,  crabs, and  seahorses.  Soft corals, like  sea fans, may be found within a coral reef ecosystem, but do  not build reefs themselves.   The corals on a reef are further cemented together by organisms like coralline algae, and physical processes like waves washing sand into spaces in the reef.   Zooxanthellae In addition to the animals living on and in reefs, the corals themselves host zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae are single-celled dinoflagellates that conduct  photosynthesis. The zooxanthellae use the waste products of the coral during photosynthesis, and the coral can use the nutrients provided by the zooxanthellae during photosynthesis. Most reef-building corals are located in shallow water where they have plenty of access to the sunlight needed for photosynthesis. The presence of the zooxanthellae helps the reef to thrive and become larger. Some coral reefs are very large. The  Great Barrier Reef, which stretches more than 1,400 miles off the coast of Australia, is the worlds largest reef. 3 Types of Coral Reefs Fringing reefs: These reefs  grow close to the coast in shallow waters.Barrier reefs: Barrier reefs, like the Great Barrier Reef, are large, continuous reefs. They are separated from land by a lagoon.Atolls:  Atolls are ring-shaped and located near the sea surface. They get their shape from growing on top of underwater islands or inactive volcanoes. Threats to Reefs An important part of coral reefs is their calcium carbonate skeleton.  If you follow ocean issues, you know that animals with calcium carbonate skeletons are under stress from ocean acidification  Ocean acidification causes a lowering of the oceans pH, and this makes it difficult for corals and other animals that have calcium carbonate skeletons. Other threats to reefs include pollution from coastal areas, which can affect reef health, coral bleaching due to warming waters, and damage to corals due to construction and tourism. References and Further Information: Coulombe, D.A. 1984. The Seaside Naturalist. Simon Schuster. 246pp.Coral Reef Alliance. Coral Reefs 101. Accessed February 22, 2016.Glynn, P.W. Corals. In  Denny, M.W. and Gaines, S.G. Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. University of California Press. 705pp.NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. Coral Anatomy and Structure. Accessed February 22, 2016.

Edit the answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Edit the answers - Essay Example In general, the code of ethics covers moral behaviour such as: taking responsibilities one’s actions, honesty in working with others and accepting others honestly, rejecting bribery in any form, shunning discrimination, and assisting colleague to develop and not hurting co-workers. The strength of the ethical code is that it is written and easy to understand. Also it helps build trust and encourages helping others. In the end the code of ethics has a cyclic effect as it encourages members of the electrical and electronics profession to help one other. If there exist weaknesses in the code of ethics, members of the body are encouraged to recommend changes as highlighted in the golden rule. The code encourages leaders to enhance trust among co-workers, which may be challenging. For example, one of the articles encourages people to assist each other to develop themselves. While this is the case, there are people who feel that this may disadvantage them as their peers may be compe titors. In conclusion, having a standard code of ethics for each field and career is important in real life because it will help people to act morally for greater good. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has a standard code of ethics that should be internationally applied. The stipulations of the ethical code of the IEEE focus on providing a clear path for members of the profession, guiding them to have be effective in their practice of the electrical and electronics engineering professions. As a person, I totally agree with those ethical codes because they aim for the great good of all members of the profession. Also, the codes are written in such a way that it benefits all members of the profession in line with the golden rule so that everyone benefits in the long run. So far, I feel there is nothing to add considering my limited experience. I would day the ethics code is written extensively to cover the working environment of engineers. If

Any potential benefits and negative impacts of adopting the IFRSs for Coursework

Any potential benefits and negative impacts of adopting the IFRSs for the country; - Coursework Example The IFRS adoption move was encouraged by the 1995 European Commission’s report considerations (Accounting Harmonization: New strategy with regard to global harmonization), however, it resulted from some more far reaching program for corporate reforming that was introduced by the government of Common Wealth under sponsorship of CLERP (The Cooperate law Sponsorship Program). The major aim for adopting the standards for Australia was to enhance information quality on corporate performance. This paper looks at the benefits resulting from the adoption of the standards as well as any challenges, negative impacts or limitations that the country has faced in the implementation as well as maintenance of the International Financial Reporting Standards in Australia. Consistency- change IFRS will provide many bonuses to Australian companies. Among the most beneficial areas for adopting IFRS is uniformity. Consistency happens to be the major reason why most companies as well as nations are currently adopting IFRS. In simple words, Australia’s adoption of IFRS provide the companies within the country internal uniformity, something, which reduces cost of reporting (Anna, 2013). As the key aim for IFRS is uniformity, it places every person within a similar level globally as far as preparing financial standards is concerned. For Australia, this will enable firms to display financials at some similar levels as their international competitors. Better Capital Markets- through the adoption of IGRS, Australian companies are place within the international market place. His helps in the promotion for new trade as well as well as assessing capital markets. Companies within the country will have a chance of being recognized to be an international player within the capital market (CYNTHIA, 2009). Improved international communication- adoption of IFRS by Australia will ensure reliable financial reporting. As a result, Australian large companies will be apply

Indentured servitude Essay Example for Free

Indentured servitude Essay Indentured servitude was considered a fine replacement for slavery, rising as slavery fell out of favor in many of the European countries. However, despite the rules that were out in place, they were often changed and didnt follow the what could be considered the lowest form of humanity. Indentured servitude was used instead of slavery, but in the end, it was almost the same affliction. David Northups Doc 4 compares directly with Doc 3, 6, and 9. They show almost just the sheer amount of indentured servants that were shipped for the purpose of hard labor. All three documents are purely data and can be considered un-bias, trustworthy sources. In Doc 3 it is hugely visible that a massive amount of servants are sent to the Caribbean such as Trinidad and plantations in Suriname from India, a British colony. Doc 4 backs up this information as well as provide a huge number of455,000 people bent sent from India to the Spice Islands, Mauritius. Doc 6 shows that many of these indentured servants were previous slaves, or Asian Indians, whom the British considered below their station. Doc 9 also shows this huge number of indentured servants in Mauritius, showing that 71% of the population was Asian Indian, as well as the population of Trinidad being 33% Asian Indian. This information may not seem prevalent, but when compared to the stark contrast of Doc 7 and Doc 8. Doc 7 is an official document from the British Guiana Indenture Agreement from 1895. The document itself is a sign-up sheet that the servant would sign to agree to conditions that he trusted were to be followed until the end of his term, which lasted 5 years. This agreement states that work is every day except Sundays and Holidays and work will be 7 hours in the field or 10 in the buildings. However in Doc 8 an indentured servant complains about the conditions of his work. He works from 5:30 to 8:30, which is 15 hours total, and must work on Sundays till 2:00, which is 8 hours and 30 minutes. This amount of work is double the promised 7 hours, and even more than the normal hours on a day in which they werent to work at all. This was a gross abuse of rights and scholars even knew it, but people still didnt see them as people but workers. Doc 1 and 2 shows this. At first it was drafted just as the necessity of importation of foreign labor, but grew into a huge problem. The natives couldnt keep up with the work and more and more immigrants were needed to keep up a study supply of sugar. However, it wasnt as what one could call, nice, as it sounded. They were machines.  Indentured servant were not voluntary immigrants, but they werent slaves. They were raised, with pain, much like recruits for military service. Indentured servitude was indeed not a slavery of people, but it was the outcome of slavery and led to something very similar. People were worked to the bone and foreigners were pulled in to tiny islands just to maintain a steady flow of sugar and other rich resources. I believe Doc 5 was completely unnecessary and would have preferred another document with another account of mistreatment, or a change of time graph of indentured servants, or a change over time graph of slaves to indentured servants.

Genetic Engineering: The Tremendous Benefits Outweigh the Risks Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wouldn't it be great to improve health care, improve agriculture, and improve our quality of life? Genetic engineering is already accomplishing those things, and has the potential to accomplish much more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Genetic engineering, also referred to as biotechnology, is a fairly new science where the genes of an organism are modified to change the features of an organism or group of organisms. Genes are found in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of an organism, and each gene controls a specific trait of an organism. Scientists have discovered what many of these genes control, both in plants and animals. Scientists then can modify these genes to benefit the organism. For example, if a person has a gene that codes for a certain disease, scientists can insert healthy copies of that gene to heal the patient. Genetic engineering is the hottest new field in medical research (Elmer-Dewitt). Although there have been some questions about whether genetic engineering is ethical or safe, there are too many benefits to ignore it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of the many uses of genetic engineering, agricultural use is one of the most beneficial. Scientists can modify plants to grow in adverse environments, places where there are often droughts and floods. Researchers are working on plants that can survive frost ("Advocates . . ."). Other plants are being genetically altered to fight certain diseases. A good example of this is the tomato. If a tomato is given a fungal-fighting microbe, it can resist the gray mold called botrytis (Dyson).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biotechnology is also making plants more nutritious by increasing protein and vitamin content. Animals are even genetically engineered to produce meats that contain less fat. Scientists are even working to take t... ... and Leone, Bruno, series editors. San Diego: Greenhaven press, 1996. Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. "The Genetic Revolution" Time. January 17, 1994. pp. 46-53   "Food Biotechnology: Federal Regulations and Labeling." [On-Line]. Available: http://ificinfo.health.org/brochure/bioregs.htm "Genetic Engineering." The 1998 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Inc. 1997. "Genetic Engineering." The New Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia. Volume 8. Connecticut: H.S. Stuttman, Inc. 1989. p. 1104. Loveard, Keith and Tet Sieu, Choong, "Magic Genes." [On-Line]. Available: http://www.pathfinder.com/asiaweek/97/0905/cs1.html The Economist, from the editors. "Genetic Research Will Improve the Quality of Health Care" in Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints, Bender, David and Leone, Bruno, series editors. San Diego: Greenhaven press, 1996.

Spirited Away Movie Review

spirited Away Movie Review Spirited Away, written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki, is his most imaginative work to date. It is a tale designed for the young audience around ten years old. Despite the expected age group, however, it is adults that will probably learn more from this film. The story begins as ten-year-old Chihiro and her parents accidentally find a tunnel in the countryside that leads them into an old, deserted park. When her parents help themselves to a lot of delicious food, Chihiro goes around. But as night is coming, she comes back to find that her mum and dad have been turned into pigs. She is then trapped in a horrible world of gods. In this world, humans are scorned. Then Chihiro tries to make herself sent to work in a bathhouse. She works hard, makes herself useful, and finds her courage so that she can find a way to break the spell. For a film designed for a young audience, Spirited Away is surprisingly profound. The thesis of this story is related to the importance of names and promises. When Chihiro becomes employed by Yubaba, the witch who rules the spirit world and take her name away, which Chihiro needs to free herself. Yubaba herself also is bound by the spell she has made in the past. In the world of Spirited Away, everyone is bound by their own words and names. What makes this animated film different from most of the popular children’s animated films, such as those made by Disney, is that there is no real enemy that the main character has to fight with. There are no clear lines between good and evil in Spirited Away. Yubaba appears to be the film’s main evil, but the audience do not hate her so much that they wish her to die, since she also has a compassionate or weakness, when it comes to her spoiled boy. This film is wit-knot from the beginning to the end. From the moment when Chihiro meets the male lead character, Haku, the pace of the film is increased. One reason the story is so attractive and outstanding is that the whole film is transcending audience’s imagination. Audience always find themselves having certain expectations of how the story will develop, but each time the story turns out in a completely unexpected direction. Chihiro’s selflessness and bravery are really surprising sometimes. They are also inspiring and heartwarming. There are a lot of sub-characters, such as No-Face and Yubaba’s oversized baby named Boh, and sub-plots connected together with Chihiro and the main plot without any fault. Another noticeable thing is the music, which combines Japanese musical features with western ones. Some tracks are peaceful and sad when at night, Chihiro is worrying her future and condition, gazing out over the ocean. Other tracks are mysterious and attractive. For example, when Chihiro frightfully finds her environment transformed, there are even grand tracks to match the coming of the gods. The soundtrack is as effective as other facts in making Spirited Away special and impressive. There is absolutely no weakness I can find with this film, and it is hard to imagine how anyone could not like it. Spirited Away is beautifully animated. It is also made up of wildly imaginative characters and an inspiring story. In addition, there is matchlessly great music to support the film. People who have seen the film are believed to be divided into two main groups: those who like it, and those who will absolutely like it. Both kids and adults will enjoy themselves and have their own feelings. There is no doubt that Spirited Away is one of the best films.

Genre Theory

Genre and Science Fiction Genre, as defined by the Oxford dictionary (2010), is â€Å"a style or category of art, music, or literature†. It is a term that is easy to define but hard to understand. The mere division of what one genre is compared to another has been problematic for academics and scholars for centuries. As noted by Robert Allen, genre study has become â€Å"the division of the world of literature into types and naming of those types†.This has led the study of genre to become a more scientific process of comparing and contrasting between texts, until a definitive answer is reached. However, though it is determinable, the overlapping and blur between two or more genres is still apparent. For example, â€Å"science fiction† has become a debacle of over the last 200 years; science fiction has been shifted and shaped, almost a reflection of the context. Previously, science fiction was stereotypically denounced as just â€Å"robots and aliens†.Conv ersely science fiction has much more to offer; renowned authors such as Jules Verne, H. G. Wells, Aldous Huxley and William Gibson have all written texts centuries, and if not, decades ago that have become seminal and central to the genre. In addition, just these authors alone have reflected the transient and fluid nature of the science fiction genre. Considered the first ever science fiction text, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818) grounded and laid the pathway for future science fiction texts.Shelley’s text, though ignorantly is just about a mad scientist who creates a monster, holds a much deeper understanding to it. The notion of man’s ability to create a somewhat third kind caused fears around its readers, whereas the contemporary audience can just suspend their disbelief and merely accept what is told or shown to them which highlight the shifting nature of audiences’ ongoing acceptance of new aspects of science fiction.This foregrounding of this new genre led to many authors with comparably yet contrasting ideas over the years which has led science fiction to be still not definitive. Verne’s work represented what was exciting about the age and furthered Shelley’s idea that man’s capabilities were â€Å"infinitely possible† including air travel and deep-sea exploration.Verne’s â€Å"successor†, Wells, reflected his times through presenting the industrial revolution as negative, the ability to time travel as well as this concept of life beyond Earth; almost as a forecaster of greater yet possibly sinister events to come; namely the atomic bomb and space. Science fiction is the â€Å"search of man and his status in the universe† (Brian Aldiss) which mab be on the basis of â€Å"innovation through science and technology† (Kingsley Amis) but most importantly how different generations perceive the world to be and what it could be.

Importance of Initial Consultation and Ethical Issues Facing the Therapist The WritePass Journal

Importance of Initial Consultation and Ethical Issues Facing the Therapist Introduction Importance of Initial Consultation and Ethical Issues Facing the Therapist ). There are some who do not charge for initial consultations, and it is important that the client is informed whether the therapist does or does not charge for the first session (Wheeler, 2014).   A potential problem may ensue with the use of a free initial consultation. This is because clients may feel committed after the initial consultation and may have difficulty declining further treatment because the initial consultation was free of charge. Some might even regard this practice as taking advantage of clients and may perhaps be seen as undue influence mentioned in the code of ethics (Welfel, 2013). Another ethical issue that may ensue during initial consultation is sexual attraction between the client and the therapist, which is identified as a boundary ethical issue (Houser et al., 2006). The client may have emotional or sex-related problems that he/she initially presents to the therapist, which the therapist must approach objectively. Albeit discussion of these feelings can foster therapeutic progress, it is still unethical and counter-therapeutic to act on them. Even when it may seem sound to become sexual with a client with sexual problems as an intervention, engaging in such unethical activity is definitely against established ethical standards and codes. Rather, the best intervention that the therapist may adopt for his/her client with sexual problems is sex therapy with the client and a significant other.     The several malpractice suits filed against therapists relating to sexual relationships with their client only confirm the unethical and counter-therapeutic sta nce of sexual relationship between the therapist and client (Kohlenberg and Tsai, 2007).   Even at the onset of the initial consultation, sexual attraction may already spark, which the therapist, being the more responsible person, must put a wall against. Emotional tyranny is also a common ethical issue that may occur even during an initial consultation. It is a term describing abuse of power by psychotherapists to the disadvantage of their clients, caused by the power imbalance between them. For example, during the initial consultation, the therapist’s power is seen in how he establishes the therapy session, how long   the session should last, how often he and the client should meet, how much the session costs, and what the permissible and impermissible behaviour must be within the session (Kohlenberg and Tsai, 2007). The realm of ethical decision-making involves the aspects of ethical dilemma, the client and the therapist’s values, race, gender, personal history, etc.; local and national laws; professional knowledge; and codes of ethics (Houser et al., 2006). The therapist may also face violations relating to dual relationships. Such relationships are nonsexual that may involve counseling a friend, relative, or neighbour, as well as receiving referrals from people who know the client and the counseling process. An ethical dilemma of dual relationships may potentially occur when the therapist has several roles with a client; in that apart from being a client, the person is also a friend, a neighbor, a relative, etc. to the therapist. It has been suggested that accepting referrals from existing clients may constitute a boundary violation (Houser et al., 2006). Indeed, even at the initial consultation, the therapist is already face-to-face with the issue of whether to continue with the professional relationship, or terminate it right away upon seeing his or her friend across the table as a client seeking therapy. Self-disclosure is another ethical issue besetting the therapist. Even during the initial consultation, the issue of self-disclosure may occur. Relating to this issue, it is important to determine the extent of information a therapist should share with the client and the types of self-disclosure to be made as well. Another example of ethical issue involving boundary is socialising with a client outside the counseling session and negotiating for fees (Houser et al., 2006). One possible ethical dilemma facing the therapist during is confidentiality, which deals with maintaining privacy and nons of these are those surrounding harm that may involve the client who is contemplating about suicide or is expressing thoughts about inflicting harm to others;   court-involved clients; child abuse reports; and clients with medical conditions who express engaging in precarious acts relating to their condition (e.g. HIV) (Houser et al., 2006). Further, it was found that successful outcomes ensue when clients change their personal values and take a close resemblance of that of the therapist/counselor. A relevant ethical dilemma with regard to this is in order for the counseling to be successful, how similar the client’s values must be to the counselor. Moreover, another dilemma is whether fostering such similarity is ethical and helpful enough to the client. A question for the profession is whether therapists utilise moral and ethical frameworks reflecting society’s norms as the only basis of their ethical decision-making, or whether therapists come to an ethical decision whilst taking into account the values, morality, and ethical stances of their diverse client population (O’Donohue and Fisher, 2009; Houser et al., 2006). These issues are being dealt with even upon an initial consultation. Conclusion This paper dealt with the importance of initial consultation and the ethical issues facing the therapist in the performance of his profession. An initial consultation is important because it forms the basis of the client’s diagnosis. It generally covers finding out the reasons as to why the client seeks help and what he or she aims to obtain as a result of the psychotherapy experience. The ethical issues faced by the therapist in the conduct of his profession during the initial consultation are those involving a decision to charge the client for a specific fee or not for the initial consultation; potential sexual attraction between them; the issue of confidentiality and client consent; emotional tyranny; violations relating to dual relationships; and self-disclosure. Having laid down these ethical factors besetting a therapist, the conclusion being arrived at is that the therapist is bound by set standards and ethical codes through which the expected functions of his performance must be based, and that he/she should conduct the initial consultation and further sessions objectively. References Boylan, J. C., Malley, P. B/, and Reilly, E. P. (2011) Practicum Internship: Textbook and Resource Guide for Counseling and Psychotherapy. Third Edition. NY: Brunner-Routledge. Corey, G. (2013) Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Ninth Edition. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Houser, R., Wilczenski, F. L., and Ham, M. (2006) Culturally Relevant Ethical Decision-Making in Counseling. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Jenkins, P. (2007) Counseling, Psychotherapy and the Law. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Klonoff, P. S. (2010) Psychotherapy After Brain Injury: Principles and Techniques. NY: The Guilford Press. Kohlenberg, R. J. and Tsai, M. (2007) Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: Creating Intense and Curative Therapeutic Relationships. NY: Springer. O’Donohue, W. T. and Fisher, J. E. (2009) General Principles and Empirically Supported Techniques of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Plante, T. G. (2011) Contemporary Clinical Psychology. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Weiner, I. B. and Hess, A. K. (2006) The Handbook of Forensic Psychology. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Welfel, E. (2013) Ethics in Counseling and Psychotherapy. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Wheeler, K. (2014) Psychotherapy for the Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurse: A How-to Guide for Evidence-Based Practice.   NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC.       Bibliography Boylan, J. C., Malley, P. B/, and Reilly, E. P. (2011) Practicum Internship: Textbook and Resource Guide for Counseling and Psychotherapy. Third Edition. NY: Brunner-Routledge. Clarkson, P. (2005) Transactional Analysis Psychotherapy: An Integrated Approach. NY: Routledge. Cooper, J. and Alfille, H. (2011) A Guide to Assessment for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapists. London: Karnac Books Ltd. Corey, G. (2013) Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Ninth Edition. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Forrest, G. G. (2010) Self-disclosure in Psychotherapy and Recovery. Plymouth: Jason Aronson. Houser, R., Wilczenski, F. L., and Ham, M. (2006) Culturally Relevant Ethical Decision-Making in Counseling. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Jenkins, P. (2007) Counseling, Psychotherapy and the Law. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Klonoff, P. S. (2010) Psychotherapy After Brain Injury: Principles and Techniques. NY: The Guilford Press. Kohlenberg, R. J. and Tsai, M. (2007) Functional Analytic Psychotherapy: Creating Intense and Curative Therapeutic Relationships. NY: Springer. O’Donohue, W. T. and Fisher, J. E. (2009) General Principles and Empirically Supported Techniques of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Plante, T. G. (2011) Contemporary Clinical Psychology. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Weiner, I. B. and Hess, A. K. (2006) The Handbook of Forensic Psychology. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Welfel, E. (2013) Ethics in Counseling and Psychotherapy. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Wheeler, K. (2014) Psychotherapy for the Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurse: A How-to Guide for Evidence-Based Practice.   NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC.

Ornithomimids - The Bird Mimic Dinosaurs

Ornithomimids - The Bird Mimic Dinosaurs As dinosaur families go, ornithomimids (Greek for bird mimics) are a bit misleading: these small-to-medium-sized theropods werent named for their similarity to flying birds like pigeons and sparrows, but too large, flightless birds like ostriches and emus. In fact, the typical ornithomimid body plan looked a lot like that of a modern ostrich: long legs and tail, a thick, rounded trunk, and a small head perched atop a slender neck. Because ornithomimids like Ornithomimus and Struthiomimus bear such a marked resemblance to modern ratites (as ostriches and emus are technically classified), theres a strong temptation to infer similarities in the behavior of these two very different types of animals. Paleontologists believe that ornithomimids were the fastest dinosaurs that ever lived, some long-legged varieties (such as Dromiceiomimus) capable of hitting speeds of 50 miles per hour. Theres also a strong temptation to picture ornithomimids as covered with feathers, though the evidence for this isnt as strong as for other families of theropods, such as raptors and therizinosaurs. Ornithomimid Behavior and Habitats Like a few other dinosaur families that prospered during the Cretaceous periodsuch as raptors, pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsiansornithomimids seem to have been confined mainly to North America and Asia, although some specimens have been dug up in Europe, and one controversial genus (Timimus, which was discovered in Australia) may not have been a true ornithomimid at all. In keeping with the theory that ornithomimids were fast runners, these theropods most likely inhabited ancient plains and lowlands, where their pursuit of prey (or headlong retreat from predators) wouldnt be impeded by thick vegetation. The most unusual characteristic of ornithomimids was their omnivorous diets. These were the only theropods we yet know of, besides therizinosaurs, that evolved the ability to eat vegetation as well as meat, as evidenced by the gastroliths found in the fossilized guts of some specimens. (Gastroliths are small stones that some animals swallow in order to help grind up tough plant matter in their guts.) Since later ornithomimids possessed weak, toothless beaks, its believed that these dinosaurs fed on insects, small lizards, and mammals as well as plants. (Interestingly, the earliest ornithomimidsPelecanimimus and Harpymimusdid have teeth, the former over 200 and the latter a mere dozen.) Despite what youve seen in movies like Jurassic Park, theres no solid evidence that ornithomimids scurried across the North American plains in vast herds (although hundreds of Gallimimus galloping away from a pack of tyrannosaurs at top speed would certainly have been an impressive sight!) As with many types of dinosaurs, though we know frustratingly little about the daily life of ornithomimids, a state of affairs that may well change with further fossil discoveries.

The Rocking Horse Winner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Rocking Horse Winner - Essay Example The author has presented the theme of materialism and the negativities associated with the obsession for the attainment of materialistic satisfaction and how it leaves a negative impact on the life of an individual. The Rocking Horse is the story of a family which is living is discontentment despite of the fact that they are financially sound and have enough resources for the running of their family. Hester is particularly the character who is the most obsessed with money and her dissatisfaction and want for more money affects the entire family. The author has tried to explain how materialism fails to fulfill the emotional needs of the human beings and love and emotions are of great importance for a family. Lawrence explains this point by narrating the way in which the family lives and how their needs are not fulfilled despite of the increased money that comes home. He begins by explaining that Hester was a good looking woman who had beautiful children. He explained, â€Å"They live d in a pleasant house, with a garden, and they had discreet servants, and felt themselves superior to anyone in the neighborhood.† With these words, the author tries to express the fact that they had all the necessities which are needed for leading a healthy and happy life but the family was not leading a content life. Lawrence has then tried to explain the dissatisfaction that existed in the house and he has expressed the lack of love and emotions in the family. He has explained the basis for this discontentment which was mainly due to the greed on the part of the mother who wanted more money for the house. The children were not loved by her and she was also aware of this that she could not truly become attached to her children for some reason. There was always an aura of anxiousness in the house which was felt by all the family members in the form of whispers. All the members could hear the house whispering the lines, â€Å"There must be more money! There must be more money!† (Lawrence) These whispers best explain the main theme of the story that there was such an extreme desire for wealth in the house that the people living in the house could always feel this need around them in the form of whispers. This lack of love greatly disturbed Hester’s son who always wanted to be loved by her mother. He wanted to gain her attention which can clearly be seen when he converses with her about luck and tries to explain to her that he is lucky. Hester is blinded by her materialistic wants and she does not pay much heed to the innocent talks of the young boy. The young boy needs affection and care from his mother and this drives him to opt for betting on horse races at such an early age. Not only this, he discovers that if he rides a rocking horse, it assists him in knowing the winner of the race. He keeps on riding this horse frantically without caring about his health for the happiness and fulfillment of his mother’s worldly needs and in doing so he loses his life. The story further stresses upon the shortcomings of materialism and presenting that it not the most ideal way of living life by explaining the gloominess which still persists despite of money flowing into the house. This is narrated by the author when he explains how the mother is not happy to receive t housand pounds as her gift but she rather demands that she should