Cellular System Components Free Essays

string(275) " is used over many of the GSM network interfaces; †¢ base station system application part \(BSSAP\) – BSSAP is used over the A interface; †¢ direct transfer application part \(DTAP\) – DTAP is used between MS and MSC; DTAP is carried over the Abis and the A interface\." Introduction to GSM Networks Figure 1. 1 is a schematic overview of the main components in a GSM network. The various interface labels are the formal names given to these interfaces. We will write a custom essay sample on Cellular System Components or any similar topic only for you Order Now More details about these interfaces are found in GSM TS 03. 02 [26]. The GSM network consists mainly of the following functional parts: †¢ MSC – the mobile service switching centre (MSC) is the core switching entity in the network. The MSC is connected to the radio access network (RAN); the RAN is formed by the BSCs and BTSs within the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). Users of the GSM network are registered with an MSC; all calls to and from the user are controlled by the MSC. A GSM network has one or more MSCs, geographically distributed. †¢ VLR – the visitor location register (VLR) contains subscriber data for subscribers registered in an MSC. Every MSC contains a VLR. Although MSC and VLR are individually addressable, they are always contained in one integrated node. †¢ GMSC – the gateway MSC (GMSC) is the switching entity that controls mobile terminating calls. When a call is established towards a GSM subscriber, a GMSC contacts the HLR of that subscriber, to obtain the address of the MSC where that subscriber is currently registered. That MSC address is used to route the call to that subscriber. †¢ HLR – the home location register (HLR) is the database that contains a subscription record for each subscriber of the network. A GSM subscriber is normally associated with one particular HLR. The HLR is responsible for the sending of subscription data to the VLR (during registration) or GMSC (during mobile terminating call handling). CN – the core network (CN) consists of, amongst other things, MSC(s), GMSC(s) and HLR(s). These entities are the main components for call handling and subscriber management. Other main entities in the CN are the equipment identi? cation register (EIR) and authentication centre (AUC). CAMEL has no interaction with the EIR and AUC; hence EIR and AUC are not further discussed. †¢ BSS – th e base station system (BSS) is composed of one or more base station controllers (BSC) and one or more base transceiver stations (BTS). The BTS contains one or more transceivers (TRX). The TRX is responsible for radio signal transmission and reception. BTS and BSC are connected through the Abis interface. The BSS is connected to the MSC through the A interface. †¢ MS – the mobile station (MS) is the GSM handset. The structure of the MS will be described in more detail in a next section. A GSM network is a public land mobile network (PLMN). Other types of PLMN are the time division multiple access (TDMA) network or code division multiple access (CDMA) network. GSM uses the following sub-division of the PLMN: CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network ? 006 John Wiley Sons, Ltd Rogier Noldus 2 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network To HLR from other PLMN D HLR D C Core network To/from other network MSC ISUP E MSC A BSC Abis BTS Um Um A ISUP GMSC ISUP BSC Abis BTS Um Um Base station system Air interface MS MS MS MS Figure 1. 1 GSM network architecture †¢ Home PLMN (HPLMN) – the HPLMN is the GSM netwo rk that a GSM user is a subscriber of. That implies that GSM user’s subscription data resides in the HLR in that PLMN. The HLR may transfer the subscription data to a VLR (during registration in a PLMN) or a GMSC (during mobile terminating call handling). The HPLMN may also contain various service nodes, such as a short message service centre (SMSC), service control point (SCP), etc. †¢ Visited PLMN (VPLMN) – the VPLMN is the GSM network where a subscriber is currently registered. The subscriber may be registered in her HPLMN or in another PLMN. In the latter case, the subscriber is outbound roaming (from HPLMN’s perspective) and inbound roaming (from VPLMN’s perspective). When the subscriber is currently registered in her HPLMN, then the HPLMN is at the same time VPLMN. 1 †¢ Interrogating PLMN (IPLMN) – the IPLMN is the PLMN containing the GMSC that handles mobile terminating (MT) calls. MT calls are always handled by a GMSC in the PLMN, regardless of the origin of the call. For most operators, MT call handling is done by a GMSC in the HPLMN; in that case, the HPLMN is at the same time IPLMN. This implies that calls destined for a GSM subscriber are always routed to the HPLMN of that GSM subscriber. Once the call has arrived in the HPLMN, the HPLMN acts as IPLMN. MT call handling will be described in more detail in subsequent sections. When basic optimal routing (BOR) is applied, the IPLMN is not the same PLMN as the HPLMN. The user of a GSM network is referred to as the served subscriber ; the MSC that is serving that subscriber is known as the serving MSC. Examples are: †¢ mobile originated call – the MSC that is handling the call is the serving MSC for this call; the calling subscriber is the served subscriber; †¢ mobile terminated call – the GMSC that is handling the call is the serving GMSC for this call; the called subscriber is the served subscriber. 1 The CAMEL service requirement, GSM TS 02. 78 [12] uses this strict de? nition. The term VPLMN is, however, commonly used to denote any network other than the HPLMN. Introduction to GSM Networks 3 1. 1 Signalling in GSM The various entities in the GSM network are connected to one another through signalling networks. Signalling is used for example, for subscriber mobility, subscriber registration, call establishment, etc. The connections to the various entities are known as ‘reference points’. Examples include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A interface – the connection between MSC and BSC; Abis interface – the connection between BSC and BTS; D interface – the connection between MSC and HLR; Um interface – the radio connection between MS and BTS. Various signalling protocols are used over the reference points. Some of these protocols for GSM are the following: †¢ mobile application part (MAP) – MAP is used for call control, subscriber registration, short message service, etc. ; MAP is used over many of the GSM network interfaces; †¢ base station system application part (BSSAP) – BSSAP is used over the A interface; †¢ direct transfer application part (DTAP) – DTAP is used between MS and MSC; DTAP is carried over the Abis and the A interface. You read "Cellular System Components" in category "Papers" DTAP is speci? ed in GSM TS 04. 08 [49]; †¢ ISDN user part (ISUP) – ISUP is the protocol for establishing and releasing circuit switched calls. ISUP is also used in landline Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). A circuit is the data channel that is established between two users in the network. Within ISDN, the data channel is generally a 64 kbit/s channel. The circuit is used for the transfer of the encoded speech or other data. ISUP is speci? ed in ITU-T Q. 763 [137]. When it comes to call establishment, GSM makes a distinction between signalling and payload. Signalling refers to the exchange of information for call set up; payload refers to the data that is transferred within a call, i. e. voice, video, fax etc. For a mobile terminated GSM call, the signalling consists of exchange of MAP messages between GMSC, HLR and visited MSC (VMSC). The payload is transferred by the ISUP connection between GMSC and VMSC. It is a continual aim to optimize the payload transfer through the network, as payload transfer has a direct cost aspect associated with it. Some network services are designed to optimize the payload transfer. One example is optimal routing. 1. 2 GSM Mobility Roaming with GSM is made possible through the separation of switching capability and subscription data. A GSM subscriber has her subscription data, including CAMEL data, permanently registered in the HLR in her HPLMN. The GSM operator is responsible for provisioning this data in the HLR. The MSC and GMSC in a PLMN, on the other hand, are not speci? c for one subscriber group. The switching capability of the MSC in a PLMN may be used by that PLMN’s own subscribers, but also by inbound roaming subscribers; see Figure 1. 2. In Figure 1. 2, the GSM user who is a subscriber of PLMN-A roams to PLMN-B. The HLR in PLMN-A transfers the user’s subscription data to the MSC in PLMN-B. The subscriber’s subscription data remains in the MSC/VLR as long as she is served by a BSS that is connected to that MSC. Even when the user switches her MS off and then on again, the subscription data remains in the MSC. After an extended period of the MS being switched off, the subscription data will be purged from the MSC. When the subscriber switches her MS on again, the subscriber has to re-register with the MSC, which entails the MSC asking the HLR in the HPLMN to re-send the subscription data for that subscriber. 4 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network Transfer of subscription data to MSC/VLR HLR PLMN-A MSC MS Subscriber roams to other PLMN PLMN-B MSC Figure 1. 2 Transfer of GSM subscription data for a roaming subscriber When the subscriber moves from one MSC service area (MSC-1) to another MSC service area (MSC-2), the HLR will instruct MSC-1 to purge the subscription data of this subscriber and will send the subscription data to MSC-2. 1. 3 Mobile Station The MS, i. e. the GSM handset, is logically built up from the following components: †¢ mobile equipment (ME) – this is the GSM terminal, excluding the SIM card; †¢ subscriber identi? ation module (SIM) – this is the chip embedded in the SIM card that identi? es a subscriber of a GSM network; the SIM is embedded in the SIM card. When the SIM card is inserted in the ME, the subscriber may register with a GSM network. The ME is now effectively personalized for this GSM subscriber; see Figure 1. 3. The characteristics of the SIM are speci? ed in GSM TS 11. 11 . The SIM card contains information such as IMSI, advice of charge parameters, operator-speci? c emergency number, etc. For the UMTS network an enhanced SIM is speci? ed, the universal subscriber identity module (USIM); refer 3GPP TS 31. 02. 1. 4 Identi? ers in the GSM Network GSM uses several identi? ers for the routing of calls, identifying subscribers (e. g. for charging), locating the HLR, identifying equipment, etc. Some of these identi? ers play an important role for CAMEL. 1. 4. 1 International Mobile Subscriber Identity The international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) is embedded on the SIM card and is used to identify a subscriber. The IMSI is also contained in the subscription data in the HLR. The IMSI is used for identifying a subscriber for various processes in the GSM network. Some of these are: KPN SIM + ME = MS Figure 1. 3 Components of the mobile station Introduction to GSM Networks 5 3 digits MCC Maximum 15 digits 2 or 3 digits MNC MSIN Figure 1. 4 Structure of the IMSI †¢ location update – when attaching to a network, the MS reports the IMSI to the MSC, which uses the IMSI to derive the global title (GT) of the HLR associated with the subscriber; †¢ terminating call – when the GSM network handles a call to a GSM subscriber, the HLR uses the IMSI to identify the subscriber in the MSC/VLR, to start a process for delivering the call to that subscriber in that MSC/VLR. †¢ roaming charging – a VPLMN uses the IMSI o send billing records to the HPLMN of a subscriber. Figure 1. 4 shows the format of the IMSI. †¢ mobile country code (MCC) – the MCC identi? es the country for mobile networks. The MCC is not used for call establishment. The usage of MCC is de? ned in ITU-T E. 212 [129]. The MCC values are allocated and published by the ITU-T. †¢ mobile network code (MNC) – the MNC identi? es the mobile network within a mobile country (as identi? ed by MCC). MCC and MNC together identify a PLMN. Refer to ITU-T E. 212 [129] for MNC usage. The MNC may be two or three digits in length. Common practice is that, within a country (as identi? d by MCC), all MNCs are either two or three digits. †¢ mobile subscriber identi? cation number (MSIN) – the MSIN is the subscriber identi? er within a PLMN. The IMSI is reported to the SCP during CAMEL service invocation. The IMSI may be needed, for example, when identifying a country; countries in North America have equal country code (country code = 1), but different MCC (e. g. Canada = 303; Mexico = 334). 1. 4. 2 Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Number (MSISDN Number) The MSISDN is used to identify the subscriber when, among other things, establishing a call to that subscriber or sending an SMS to that subscriber. Hence, the MSISDN is used for routing purposes. Figure 1. 5 shows the structure of the MSISDN. †¢ country code (CC) – the CC identi? es the country or group of countries of the subscriber; †¢ national destination code (NDC) – each PLMN in a country has one or more NDCs allocated to it; the NDC may be used to route a call to the appropriate network; †¢ subscriber number (SN) – the SN identi? es the subscriber within the number plan of a PLMN. CC NDC SN 1, 2 or 3 digits Maximum 15 digits Figure 1. 5 Structure of the MSISDN 6 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network IMEI TAC 6 digits FAC 2 digits FAC 2 digits SNR 6 digits SNR 6 digits spare 1 digit IMEISV TAC 6 digits SV 2 digits Figure 1. 6 Structure of IMEI and IMEISV The MSISDN is not stored on the subscriber’s SIM card and is normally not available in the MS. 2 The MSISDN is provisioned in the HLR, as part of the subscriber’s pro? le, and is sent to MSC during registration. The MSISDN is also reported to SCP when a CAMEL service is invoked. One subscriber may have multiple MSISDNs. These MSISDNs are provisioned in the HLR. At any one moment, only a single MSISDN is available in the MSC/VLR for the subscriber. . 4. 3 International Mobile Equipment Identi? er The international mobile equipment identi? er (IMEI) is used to identify the ME [or user equipment (UE) in UMTS network]. Each ME has a unique IMEI. The IMEI is hard-coded in the ME and cannot be modi? ed. Figure 1. 6 shows the structure of the IMEI. The IMEI is not used for routing or subscriber identi? cation. Refer to GSM TS 0 3. 03 [27] for the type approval code (TAC), ? nal assembly code (FAC) and serial number (SNR). The software version (SV) may be included in the IMEI (‘IMEISV’) to indicate the version of software embedded in the ME. The IMEI is always encoded as an eight-octet string. As from CAMEL Phase 4, the IMEI(SV) may be reported to the SCP. 1. 4. 4 Mobile Station Roaming Number The mobile station roaming number (MSRN) is used in the GSM network for routing a call to a MS. The need for the MSRN stems from the fact that the MSISDN identi? es a subscriber, but not the current location of that subscriber in a telecommunications network. The MSRN is allocated to a subscriber during MT call handling and is released when the call to that subscriber is established. Each MSC in a PLMN has a (limited) range of MSRNs allocated to it. An MSRN may be allocated to any subscriber registered in that MSC. The MSRN has the form of an E. 164 number and can be used by the GMSC for establishing a call to a GSM subscriber. An MSRN is part of a GSM operator’s number plan. The MSRN indicates the GSM network a subscriber is registered in, but not the GSM network the subscriber belongs to. Figure 1. 7 shows how the MSRN is used for call routing. The MSRN is not meant for call initiation. GSM operators may con? gure their MSC such that subscribers cannot dial numbers that fall within the MSRN range of that operator. 1. 5 Basic Services All activities that may be done in the GSM network, such as establishing a voice call, establishing a data call, sending a short message, etc. , are classi? ed as basic services. In order for a subscriber to use a GSM basic service, she must have a subscription to that service. 3 The handling of a basic 2 GSM subscribers may program their MSISDN into the phone; this has, however, no signi? cance for the network. 3 Exceptions are Tele Service 12 (emergency call establishment) and Tele Service 23 (Cell Broadcast). Subscribers do not need a subscription to these Tele Services to use them. Introduction to GSM Networks 7 return MSRN request MSRN HLR VMSC MSRN GMSC incoming call MSISDN Figure 1. 7 Usage of MSRN during call establishment to a GSM subscriber service is fully standardized. Hence, a subscriber may use a basic service in any GSM network she roams to, provided that that basic service is supported in that network. The HLR will send a list of subscribed basic services to the MSC/VLR, during registration. When a GSM subscriber initiates a call, the MS supplies the serving MSC with a set of parameters describing the circuitswitched connection that is requested. These parameters are the bearer capability (BC), low-layer compatibility (LLC) and high-layer compatibility (HLC), as will be described below. The MSC uses the BC, LLC and HLC to derive the basic service for this call. The rules for deriving the basic service from LLC, HLC and BC are speci? ed in GSM TS 09. 07 [55]. The MSC then checks whether the subscriber has a subscription to the requested basic service, i. e. whether the subscription data in the VLR contains that basic service. If the service is not subscribed to, then the MSC disallows the call. The basic service is not transported over ISUP. When a CAMEL service is invoked, the MSC reports the requested basic service to the SCP. The SCP may use the indication of the requested basic service for call service processing. Examples include: †¢ video calls may be charged at a higher rate than speech calls; †¢ for data calls and fax calls, the CAMEL service shall not play any announcements or tones. Basic services are divided into two groups: tele services and bearer services. 1. 5. 1 Tele Services Table 1. 1 provides an overview of the available tele services (TS); see also GSM TS 02. 03 [3]. 1. 5. 2 Bearer Services Table 1. provides an overview of the available bearer services (BS). The two bearer service groups are sub-divided into a variety of bearer services with different characteristics. Refer to GSM TS 02. 02 [2]. 1. 5. 3 Circuit Bearer Description Bearer capability, low-layer compatibility and high-layer compatibility are descriptors of a circuitswitched (CS) connection. When a GSM subscriber initiates a call , the BC, LLC and HLC are transported from MS to MSC over DTAP. The MSC includes the parameters in the ISUP signal to the destination. These parameters are also reported to the SCP during CAMEL service invocation. That enables a CAMEL service to adapt the service logic processing to the type of call. Figure 1. 8 shows the relation between LLC, HLC and BC on the DTAP and the corresponding parameters on ISUP. 8 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Network Table 1. 1 Tele service 11 12 Tele services Description Telephony Emergency calls Comment This TS represents the normal speech call The emergency call uses the characteristics of telephony (TS11), but may be established without subscription and bypasses various checks in the MS and in the MSC This TS relates to receiving an SMS. This TS is not sent to the MSC/VLR. When an SMS is sent to the subscriber, the HLR checks whether the destination subscriber has a subscription to TS 21 This TS relates to the sending of an SMS This TS relates to the capability of an SMS that is sent as a broadcast SMS This TS relates to the capability to establish a speech and fax (group 3) call This TS relates to the capability to establish a fax (group 3) call This TS relates to the capability to participate in a group call as speci? ed in GSM TS 03. 8 [35] This TS relates to the capability to receive a voice broadcast as speci? ed in GSM TS 03. 68 [35] 21 Short message MT 22 23 61 62 91 92 Short message MO Cell broadcast Alternate speech and fax group 3 Automatic fax group 3 Voice group call Voice broadcast Table 1. 2 Tele service 20 30 Bearer services Description Asynchronous data bearer services Synchronous data bearer services Comment May be used for asynchronous services from 300 bit/s to 64 kbit/s. May be used for synchronou s services from 1. 2 to 64 kbit/s. This BS may be used, amongst other things, for multimedia services such as video telephony. 4 DTAP (GSM TS 04. 08) Low layer compatibility High layer compatibility Bearer capability MSC ISUP (ITU-T Q. 763) Access transport [low layer compatibility] User teleservice information User service information Figure 1. 8 Transfer of LLC, HLC and BC through DTAP and ISUP †¢ Low-layer compatibility – the LLC is transported transparently between the calling entity and called entity; it may be used by the respective entities to adapt codecs for interworking purposes. LLC describes mainly characteristics related to the data transfer. 4 3GPP Rel-7 may include a dedicated bearer service for video telephony. Introduction to GSM Networks 9 †¢ High-layer compatibility – the HLC is also transported transparently between the calling entity and called entity; it is used to describe the requested service, such as telephony, Fax, video telephony, etc. †¢ Bearer capability – the BC describes the characteristics of the 64 kbit/s circuit requested for the call. 1. 6 Supplementary Services Supplementary services (SS) in GSM are a means of enriching the user experience. An SS may, for example, forward a call in the case of no reply from the called party, bar certain outgoing or incoming calls, show the number of the calling party to the called party, etc. In order to use an SS, a GSM user needs a subscription to that SS. The subscription to supplementary services is contained in the HLR and is sent to the MSC/VLR during registration. The supplementary services are fully standardized. A GSM subscriber can therefore use her supplementary services in any GSM network, provided that the network supports these supplementary services, and have the same user experience. Table 1. 3 SS group Line identi? cation GSM supplementary services Supplementary services Calling line identi? cation presentation (CLIP) Calling line identi? cation restriction (CLIR) Connected line presentation (COLP) Connected line restriction (COLR) Calling name presentation (CNAP) Call forwarding – unconditional (CFU) Call forwarding – busy (CFB) Call forwarding – no reply (CFNRY) Call forwarding – not reachable (CFNRC) Call de? ction (CD) Explicit call transfer (ECT) Call waiting (CW) Call hold (CH) Call completion to busy subscriber (CCBS) Multi-call (MC) Multi-party call (MPTY) Closed user group (CUG) Advice of charge – information (AOCI) Advice of charge – charge (AOCC) User-to-user signalling – service 1 (UUS1) User-to-user signalling – service 2 (UUS2) User-to-user signalling – service 3 (UUS3) Barring of all outgoing calls (BAOC) Barring of outgoing international calls (BOIC) Barring of outgoing international calls except to the home country (BOIC-exHc) Barring of all ncoming calls (BAIC) Barring of all incoming calls when roaming (BICROAM) enhanced multi-level precedence and pre-emption (eMLPP) GSM TS 02. 81 [13] Name identi? cation Call forwarding 02. 96 [24] 02. 82 [14], Call offering Call completion 02. 72 [11] 02. 91 [22] 02. 83 [15], 02. 93 [23], 22. 135 [69]a 02. 84 [16] 02. 85 [17] 02. 86 [18] 02. 87 [19] Multi-party Community of interest Charging Additional information transfer Call barring 02. 88 [20] Call priority 2. 67 [10] a For the multi-call service, there is no GSM TS available, but only a 3GPP TS (22. 135). 10 CAMEL: Intelligent Networks for the GSM, GPRS and UMTS Netwo rk Supplementary services may be provisioned for an individual basic service or for a group of basic services, e. g. a subscriber may have barring of all outgoing calls for all tele services and all bearer services, except SMS (tele service group 20). Such a subscriber is barred from establishing utgoing calls (except emergency calls), but may still send short messages. Some supplementary services may be activated or deactivated by the user. Examples include call forwarding and call barring. An operator may decide to bar certain subscribers or subscriber groups from modifying their supplementary services. Table 1. 3 shows the Supplementary Services. They are combined in service groups. Subscriptions are per individual Supplementary Service. The right-most column indicates the GSM technical speci? ations (TS) that specify the service requirement for the respective Supplementary Service(s). The chapters on CAMEL Phases 1–4 describe the interaction between CAMEL and the various supplementary services. Not all GSM networks support all supplementary services. Many of the supplementary services in GSM have equivalent supplementary services in ISDN. The ISDN supplementary services are described in ITU-T recommendations. GSM TS 02. 03 [3] describes how the supplementary services may be activated, deactivated and invoked. How to cite Cellular System Components, Papers

Uncovering Business Benefit From Regulatory - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Uncovering Business Benefit From Regulatory. Answer: Compliance requirements: This section of the summary report presents various requirements for compliance systems including the external and the internal requirements. This section also includes the compliance requirements of the industry. internal compliance requirements: The internal compliances are followed for providing assurances for following to the policies, standards and codes in the internal environment of the company (Othman and Doherty 2014). In addition, the internal compliance is also responsible for providing a framework for assisting in the achievement of compliance standards. Figure 1: Internal compliance framework (Source: Othman and Doherty 2014, pp 24) The library of internal compliance requirements includes the policies and codes of the company. The code of conduct followed by Befesa is concerned with a legal and ethical framework to be followed by the employees, directors and executives. The library of key controls lies in conjunction with risk and control assessment. The company is subjected to regulations and laws corresponding to law and corruption. The company business process has to be analyzed for identification of the risk procedures. Attestation corresponds to the execution controls which are needed for complying with the policies. This involves detection of the non-compliance issues, investigation of them and execution for meeting the standards. External compliance requirements: The external compliances are set for meeting the various requirements externally (Ifinedo 2014). It is also in place for providing a framework for complying with the externally required materials. Figure 2: External compliance (Source: Ifinedo 2014, pp 75) The external compliance requirements are the same as the internal requirement list excluding the risk control aspects. The external compliance requirement includes the presence of external officers for monitoring the level of compliance in the company. The external officers will be responsible for the development of compliance questions for the company. This will then be passed to various business reports and the attestation questions will be developed. Industry compliance requirements: The industry level requirements of the compliance policy need to achieve success and a strong business ethics. In addition, it also includes the protection of staffs and the reputations of the company (Braithwaite 2016). The customers of the company are also to be secured by the compliance policy so that the business process is not hampered. Compliance effects: This section discusses about the various effects where the compliance will have its impacts. Areas affected: The main areas impacted by the compliance policies are the legal and financial aspects of the company and the environment of the company. This helps in efficient use of resources and also helps in meeting the requirements of the customers. Risks: The major risks of the company are the environment laws and regulations. As the company is involved in environment management, there are specific amount of risks that are always considered by the company. According to this, all the legal policies are to be complied by the company and their subsidiaries. Penalties: The compliance policy is to be maintained and all the business units are to be complied with the policy. Failure to comply will result in various penalties. Risk minimisation: The risks of the company will be minimized by the compliance policies. This will result in long term success and efficiency of the company. Compliance systems: Available systems: The major systems to be discussed are the risk management systems. This involves setting up of a risks mitigation plan that will be helpful for the staffs to follow the set standards. Parameters: Cost: The cost effectiveness of the risks systems has been complied with the business process. Effectiveness and efficiency: The effectiveness and the efficiency of the compliance system are supposed to increase the success of the company. Feasibility and organizational culture: The risk management of the company has been made for analyzing the anti-money laundering systems of the company. Recommended systems: The company needs to consider the adoption of identity checks in their system. In addition, the analysis of the customer information is also to be emphasized so that the business can be effectively measured. References: Braithwaite, J., 2016. Law and Corporate Behaviour: Integrating Theories of Regulation, Enforcement, Compliance and Ethics by Christopher Hodges. Bhr, D.L. and Seitz, C., 2015. From compliance programme to compliance management systems: International convergence and standardization.Business Compliance,4(2), pp.28-42. Ifinedo, P., 2014. Information systems security policy compliance: An empirical study of the effects of socialisation, influence, and cognition.Information Management,51(1), pp.69-79. Othman, A. and Doherty, N.F., 2014, April. Uncovering Business Benefits From Regulatory Compliance Systems. InUKAIS(p. 24).

Sustainable Development in Costa Rica free essay sample

This paper describes the current economic development in democratic Costa Rica. This paper examines the economic growth in Costa Rica, starting with the rich national parks, tourism and ecotourism, where there are a variety of species-rich ecosystems exist. The paper further illustrates its continuing growth as the international business community chooses to develop there, because they can operate in the safety and security of this stable democratic country with good infrastructure and educated people. Table of Contents The Increasing Popularity of Costa Rica Tourism Ecotourism Economic Growth of Costa Rica Free Zones and International Investments Works Cited Once a small nation in Central America famous for its bananas and coffee, the Republic of Costa Rica is now being transformed into an international gateway for commerce between Latin America and the rest of the world. Costa Rica is also becoming a popular vacation destination for jetsetters from all around the world.

Ba Hospitality And Tourism Management Tourism Essays

Ba Hospitality And Tourism Management Tourism Essays Ba Hospitality And Tourism Management Tourism Essay Ba Hospitality And Tourism Management Tourism Essay Singapore used to trust on fabricating industries such as electronics, oil boring equipment, crude oil refinement, gum elastic merchandises and ship mending. From the beginning of 2010, Singapore has changed its focal point on emphasise more on service industry. There are two freshly opened casino-resorts: Resorts World Sentosa and Marina Bay Sands, the Resort World Sentosa was the first casino in Singapore ; it opened on the 14th February 2010. Two months subsequently on the 27th April 2010, the 2nd casino, Marina Bay Sands that was built by US-based Las Vegas Sands, opened ( Lau 2010 ) . Harmonizing to PESTEL frame theoretical account to analysis the Singapore IR industry, foremost of all from the political position, for many old ages, the authorities has resisted calls to put up casinos in Singapore ( Aristotle 2010 ) . On 18 April 2005, the Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced the Cabinet s determination to develop two IRs at Marina Bayfront and Sentosa. In his address, PM Lee explained the alteration in the authorities s long standing policy with respects to casinos, due to concern with losing fight in economic system and touristry to other widely distributed metropoliss ( CASA Veneracion 2012 ) . In order to take down the hazard for Singaporeans acquiring addicted to chancing, the Singapore authorities requires an entrance fee of $ 100 on each Singapore citizens when they enter the casino ( CNNG 2010 ) . From societal position, Singapore has been good known for its multi-racial society. With the gap of the Integrated Resorts in Singapore, has led this multi-racial society to a greater degree. By conveying people form a broad assortment of topographic points and civilizations together, aliens and local people learn about each other, their differences, and their similarities and make common apprehension. But at the same clip, there are several groups, including the Muslim and Christian communities and societal militants, express their disapproval to the casino ( Palmer 2011 ) . Many concerns over the negative societal impact of casino gaming every bit good as gap of doors to unwanted activities including money laundering, harlotry, and organized offense ( Wong 2009 ) . Peoples starts to worried about the safety issues and the repute of Singapore since it used to be Word s most safety metropolis . Since the two IR opened, it brings a batch of benefit to Singapore, revenue enhancement gross and tourers are increased dramatically. Through research I found that Resorts World Sentosa recorded 149,000 visitants of the casino in the first hebdomad after the gap ( Google News 2010 ) . Equally good as 857,000 visitants arrived and visited Singapore in February for the first clip, which is addition of 24.3 per centum in comparing to the same moth in the recent twelvemonth ( Straitstimes 2010 ) . This figures shows that the touristry industry in Singapore is get downing to better. Additionally, tourers came to Singapore in March has increased by 17.5 per centum, it was the best recorded for the month of March ( Gossling 2003 ) . Harmonizing to the statistics, hotel tenancy is about 85 per centum, reported by Singapore Tourism Board ( Gossling 2003 ) . From the engineering position, reported by the Singapore News, they spent 1000000s of dollars on green engineerings and sustainable edifice constructs to conserve resources, such as Resorts World Sentosa, transplanted 900 trees affected by building work. It is now replanting them- along the streets of Hollywood and New York- within its Universal Studio subject park. The Resorts World Sentosa besides has Singapore s largest solar installing that can bring forth over 500,000 kWs per hr of energy a twelvemonth ( Wong 2009 ) . In general, casino development in Singapore is a necessary immorality, which in some instances assisting Singapore to switch off from fabricating sectors to service-based economic system. Casino development in Singapore is merely a start, there is still a long manner to travel and it is a immense long-run investing. The Monte Carlo Resort and Casino is a megaresort hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, USA. It is owned and operated by MGM Resorts International. As of 2010, Monte Carlo has an AAA-Four-Diamond evaluation ( Macy 2011 ) . Land was broken for the hotel in March 1995. It was originally known as the Grand Victoria . The palatial manner was a reminiscent of the Belle Epoque, which is how the Gallic refer to the architecture of the Victorian epoch in England. After much unfavorable judgment by MGM Grand functionaries, it was shortened to Victoria and so changed to Monte Carlo . Monte Carlo was built as a joint venture between Mirage Resorts and Circus Circus Enterprises, and cost US $ 344 million to construct. The resort sits on 44 estates, occupied by the Dunes Hotel until its destruction in October 1993. The Monte Carlo opened to the populace on June 21, 1996, at 12:01 ante meridiem, following invitation-only VIP pre-opening jubilation the anterior twenty-four hours, including a pyrotechnic show ( Kathleen 2008 ) . Harmonizing to PESTEL frame theoretical account to analysis the ground Monte Carlo built in Las Vegas, from societal position, Las Vegas is an internationally celebrated major resort metropolis for chancing, shopping, and all right dining. The metropolis measures itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World, and is celebrated for its amalgamate hotel-casinos and associated amusement. A turning retirement and household metropolis, Las Vegas is the 31st-most population at the 2010 nose count of 583,756. The 2010 population of the Las Vegas metropolitan country was 1,951,269 ( Thompson 2001 ) . Las Vegas was built in 1854 by the western United States Mormons built, in the hereafter the Mormons moved out ; the United States authorities makes it into a station. Las Vegas is the name of the Spanish, intending fertile vale , because Las Vegas is environing bare desert and semi desert countries merely have an oasis of spring, with spring H2O, and bit by bit become traffics route station and railroad station. It opens port in 1905. Nevada found gold and Ag ; a big figure of gilded digger into Las Vegas began to din, but as the western excavation town, every bit shortly as the lighting will be abandoned. In 1931 the great depression in the United States, in order to hold economic troubles, Nevada parliament passed chancing legal measure, Las Vegas became a Las Vegas, and rapid development ( Land 2004 ) . The other ground Monte Carlo built in Las Vegas, from legal position, Las Vegas construct in 1905, Nevada decided to do chancing become legal calling, one time this proclamation established, Charleston amusement and decease valley national exhibition hall is really representative. From that minute, Las Vegas on the name of spread, it has 250 casinos and more than 60000 slot machines . Now the Las Vegas has the universe s top resort hotel, and the universe first-class large-scale public presentations and hi-tech amusement installations ( TOG 2005 ) . From the beginning of 1993 in Las Vegas, the tourer semen to Las Vegas all of a sudden jump a batch. In add-on, Nevada have jurisprudence, people who at least 21 old ages old and upward, to let imbibe intoxicant and gaming ( Baidu 2012 ) . The gambling industry contributed to the development of touristry, the amusement industry. In order to maintain the economic system stable development, the chancing commitment brand of rigorous self-discipline mechanism, to those investors strict censoring, to casino rigorous supervising, one time they found the job, the parties will neer let in the local concern and kick the name from bookmaking list off ( Baidu 2012 ) . In order to pull tourers, societal public security direction is really good, the people who win the first award, if necessary, will be by two constabularies escort to any topographic point in the United States at place. Merely Nevada jurisprudence allows the sex trade legal province, but in Las Vegas state prohibitory sex trade dealing in order to keep societal order. Form economic position, Monte Carlo is the first hotel owned by MGM physique in Las Vegas and in at that place, the metropolis economic rely on touristry industry, each twelvemonth attract 38.9 million visitants, all these factors brings the rich net income for the urban economic system ( Shimp 2010 ) . Passenger traffic at McCarran International Airport dropped somewhat for the 3rd month in a row in November, harmonizing to statistics released Friday. Traffic dropped 0.3 per centum in November compared to the same month last twelvemonth, with a sum of 3.31 million travellers geting or going. Harmonizing to a study by Moody s Investors Service published in March of 2012, there are positive tendencies for the metropolis of Las Vegas ; 38.9 million visitants in 2011, stand foring a 4.3 % addition over 2010. $ 6.068 billion in bet oning grosss on the strip in 2011, a healthy 5.1 % addition over 2010 every bit good as hotel tenancy increased by 3.4 % in 2011, the first addition since 2007. Through the research, there is a study by Vegas.com shows that tenancy rates for belongingss along the Strip should around 95 % ( HMG 2012 ) . Las Vegas will ever be a top tourer finish. The metropolis may be losing some concern to the Asiatic gaming centre Macao, but they still attract close to 40 million visitants yearly who infuse one million millions of dollars every twelvemonth into the local economic system ( HMG 2012 ) . The casino in Monte Carlo is a immense topographic point which provide Slots Machines, Table Games, Poker Room, etc. Harmonizing to Montercarl.com, Monte Carlo is slot machine Eden. There are tonss of machine you can take from traditional slots to the latest picture fire hook machines. Table games are the bosom and psyche of authoritative casino action, whether you are in the temper for a simple, elegant game of Baccarat or you are merely watching the game, there will be friendly service and helpful casino hosts to guarantee you have a great clip. Monte Carlo s oasis that is athleticss and Equus caballus racing, with large screens and unrecorded action, it is a perfect topographic point to hearten on all you favourites. Actually, Las Vegas through casino make money in gambling, suites, nutrient, amusement, the entire gross in Las Vegas for 3 month was $ 733 Million dollars including everything, with $ 88.2 million income. For each casino on norm and an mean twenty-four hours of the 3rd one-fourth is $ 108,000. In Monte Carlo, the norm of casino makes about 1 million dollars a dark ( Lee 2011 ) . But form the negative side, casino besides conveying negative effects to the people. Since 1998, Las Vegas every twelvemonth 282-292 people commit suicide, an norm of 100000 people dead, this figures shows that Las Vegas is the top self-destruction rate. Some of the gambler straight from casino high-rise honkytonk off. The ground is because of self-destruction in Las Vegas chancing lose excessively much. In order to maintain the economic system stable development, chancing commission devising of rigorous self-discipline mechanism, to investors rigorous censoring, maintain an oculus on the casino operation, supervising the casino operation, one time found the job, that people will neer let participate in the local concern and will do his name clearly form the list. At the same clip, in order to pull tourers, societal public security direction is really rigorous, anyone won the first award, if necessary, there will be two constabularies escort to any topographic point boulder clay they reach place ( Jafari 2000 ) . The authorities liability is to do everyone unrecorded safety and bask himself in Las Vegas, so there is a jurisprudence to those people who wants to come in the casino, you have to be 21 old ages old to chance or be in the chancing country of a casino in the province of Nevada, as per Nevada Gaming Commission. Person under the age of 21 can walk through a casino in order to acquire to a eating house, invitee suites, public toilets, or child s arcade, but they can non linger in the gaming country. There are some brawny mulcts, up to $ 10,000, if a minor gets caught chancing. Fake IDs do non go through the trial of security officers and casino employees ; we are good trained in what to look for. And if you do non acquire caught and you win a kitty you will non acquire paid, ID required for payouts of over $ 1,199, and rather perchance you will confront gaol clip ( Chitty 2002 ) . The authorities duty is to protect people under a safety environment to play and seek their best to forest all people over fascinated on gaming. There is one more thing we need to foreground is how the IR maintain sustainable over the following 2-3 old ages. Through the research, Monte Carlo Resort and Casino they through casino and large event earn the net income. Harmonizing to About.com, merely one one-fourth the hotel earns $ 108,000. In Monte Carlo, the norm of casino makes about 1 million dollars a dark ( Lee 2011 ) . There are tonss of events in Monte Carlo for the following 2-3 old ages, for illustration, Olympics and World Cup will be keeping in the center of 2013. Hosting athleticss events surely benefits the host states, which is apparent by the intense command to bag the rights to host one. Major featuring events conveying more to a metropolis than fan exhilaration. In add-on to the bangs of game action, these events funnel 1000000s of dollars into the host state chiefly through disbursement by the international witnesss and investings by foreign houses seeking to spread out their markets. Major athleticss events are frequently seen as a beginning of economic coevals though there are decidedly costs associated with hosting large-scale athleticss events ( WordPress 2012 ) . Another event is Zumanity, it will be keeping in January of 2014, it is a resident cabaret-style shows by Crique du Soleil at Monte Carlo on the Las Vegas Strip, and he production was unveiled on September 20, 2003. It is the first adult-themed Cirque du Soleil show, billed as the animal side of Cirque du Soleil or another side of Cirque du Soleil . Created by Rene Richard Cyr and Dominic Champagne, Zumanity is a going from the criterion Cirque format. Intended to be for mature grownup audiences merely, this show is centered on titillating vocal, dance, and tumblings ( PRVegas 2013 ) . In my posting, I will keep a BLUE MAN GROUP event, they have public presentation from October 10, 2013-December 31, 2013 every bit good as January 1, 2014- April 30, 2014. Blue Man Group is a originative organisation dedicated to making exciting and advanced work in a broad assortment of media. Blue Man Group is best known for its award-winning theatrical productions which critics have described as ground-breaking, screaming, visually arresting and musically powerful. These public presentations feature three puzzling bald and bluish characters who take the audience through a multi-sensory experience that combines theatre, percussive music, art, scientific discipline and music hall into a signifier of amusement that is like nil else. Peoples from all over the universe, from all walks of life and from all age groups have become fans of Blue Man Group s show in New York, Boston, Chicago and Las Vegas. Blue Man Group late announced programs to open a 5th theatrical production in Berlin in May 2004 ( Baidu 2012 ) . We are selling 3 classs of ticket, one is standard position ticket to Blue Man Group, is $ 129.00 all inclusive and one is $ 139.00, for this sort of ticket, the client can pick of prix fixe dinner at The Pub and 2-for-1 cocktail or imbibe at lgnite Bar, the other 1 is $ 179.00, a premium position ticket, besides can pick of prix fixe dinner at Brand Steakhouse and 2-for-1 cocktail or imbibe at lgnite Bar. Blue Man Group is besides known for its alone manner of music, which is played on a assortment of invented instruments. Blue Man Group s 1999 introduction album, AUDIO was nominated for a Grammy in the Best Pop Instrumental Album class. One referee called it a glorious wall of sound. aˆˆaˆˆBlue Man Group released their extremely anticipated 2nd album, The Complex, which served as a spot of a going for the puzzling performing artists. Aided by some of today s most challenging singers, Blue Man Group has moved beyond the instrumental class. While composing The Complex, Blue Man Group at the same time created a state-of-the-art stone show that captures the subjects and temper of the album. The Complex Rock Tour has been hailed as amazing musicianship enhanced by unadulterated good wit and merriment by The Chicago Sun-Times. aˆˆaˆˆIn add-on to populate shows and music, Blue Man Group has created installings, occurrences, unusual ads, and a figure of television-specific public presentations for The Tonight Show, several of which were nominated for Emmy awards. The Monte Carlo earns the chief net incomes through event and casino. The casino and the large event conveying a batch of benefit to the hotel every bit good as local economic system. . Harmonizing to About.com, merely one one-fourth the hotel earns $ 108,000. In Monte Carlo, the norm of casino makes about 1 million dollars a dark ( Lee 2011 ) .

Resolve to Read the Classics!

Resolve to Read the Classics! Have you decided that this is your year  for reading more Classic Literature? Weve got some helpful suggestions for books to read, clubs to consider forming or joining, genres to discover, and even ways to beat the reading slumps!   Reading Lists Have a Play-Full New Year! One of the more overlooked genres of classic literature (or any literature, really) is drama. Readers tend to gravitate towards novels, first, and poetry second. But the truth is, there are a number of classic plays of various modes, including comedy, tragedy, tragicomedy, and histories that are incredibly interesting, entertaining, and educational! Click the link above to see what plays we recommend reading this year! Tackle this List of 101 Classics Have you always wanted to read the classics but have been intimidated by the sheer number of them? Maybe you’ve heard of classic writers like Charles Dickens and Jane Austen, but you aren’t sure who else qualifies? The list of 101 Classics provides a wealth of options across all genres, modes, and literary periods. There is definitely something for every reader. Check it out! Classic Young Adult Literature Did you know that there are a significant number of so-called â€Å"young adult† novels that also fit the genre of classic literature? This category has been increasing in popularity over the last decade, so we’ve compiled a list of some of the very best classic works that resonate with younger readers or which are narrated by young adults. How About some Literary Resolutions? Every year, January rolls around and we find ourselves making a variety of resolutions. It might be to lose weight, to manage our budget a little better, or to try new things. But have you ever considered adding reading resolutions to that list? This post will provide you with a number of various resolutions that you as a Classic Literature-lover are sure to enjoy (and might actually succeed in keeping!). Try These Books to Beat the Classics Slump This list is designed for those of us who are regular readers of classic literature but who have, for whatever reason, found ourselves in a bit of a reading slump. Maybe we’ve been trying a genre that’s not speaking to us at the moment, or a period that we’re not responding to. The books above are meant to help you break out of the slump and enjoy the classics all over again! Book Club Information What Is a Book Club, anyway? This might sound like a simple, easy question, but how often have you thought about it? What is a book club, really, and why are they important? What should a book club do for you, and what should you expect from it? Here are some of our thoughts on the subject. What About Online Book Clubs? Another question we might ask ourselves is, what about this whole online book club thing? How do they work? How are they organized? Do we use web cams, blogs, or other pre-arranged book sites? There are a number of pros and cons to the online scene, and we address some of each here. Join/Start a Book Club or Reading Group Now that weve thought about what a book club really is, and whether we might want to participate in an online or traditional format, there are some other questions to address. For example, how exactly can we go about forming a book club? And, once weve formed it, how can we develop rules and expectations? How might we make the club fun? What are some of the issues that typically arise? Be ready to tackle all of these questions and more by browsing our thoughts on the subject. How to Select a Classic Book for Your Book Club Since youre browsing the Classic Literature section of About.com, its likely that youre not only interested in starting a book club, but perhaps a book club that specifically works with Classic literature. Well, how do you go about selecting those classics? How can you make a potentially-eclectic and skills-diverse group happy with your choices? Here are some suggestions! Common Rules and Standards for Your Book Club Finally, now that youve formed your book club and decided how to choose your readings, its time to think about the rules and expectations. Believe it or not, even a book club can be prone to confusion, tension, and other issues. Its important that everyone knows and agrees to the rules right away. This post offers some ideas about guidelines to help your group stay positive and successful.

Marketing Inteligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Inteligence - Essay Example This is a stage whereby a consumer realizes that he needs new clothes for example. The next stage is information search whereby the consumer analyzes all the possible companies selling clothes such as Tesco and its competitors. The alternative evaluation stage is the third stage in which the consumer evaluates the quality of clothes and prices charged by various companies. For example, a consumer can compare the prices of Asda and those of Tesco. In the fourth stage, purchase decision, the consumer makes his decision on which store to purchase clothes from and goes for the company that offers quality clothes at affordable prices. The last stage is post-purchase behavior whereby the consumer analyzes if the clothes he purchased from Tesco for example satisfied his needs or not and taken relevant actions. Maslow’s theory of needs- This theory outlines that individual have certain needs that he needs to satisfy all through his life. In the buying behaviors of consumers, they first consider satisfying the most urgent needs necessary for their survival and good living (Kelly, 2002). Consumers start with satisfying basic needs then safety needs followed by social needs then self-esteem needs and lastly self-actualization needs. Diffusion of innovation theory- This theory outlines how advancements such as new technologies spread throughout cultures and societies from introduction to wider adoption. The costs, accessibility and familiarity with the technological change influence that buying behavior of consumers (Lehman, Ramsey and David, 2000). If the cost of new advanced products and services is much higher than those of the old ones, consumers will prefer purchasing the old ones since they satisfy the same needs. Cultural and religious factors- The consumer’s buying behavior is highly influenced by the cultural and religious beliefs of a consumer. For example Muslims cannot purchase pork products being offered by

Study question about William Carlos Williams' poem Essay

Study question about William Carlos Williams' poem - Essay Example And in this respect this poem â€Å"This Is Just To Say† by the poet is no different. This poem, disguised as a note glued on the refrigerator, could be interpreted in a multiple dimensions. There is no general agreement on the theme. â€Å"The poem could be concerned with the uselessness or self-entrapment of sexual desire, comparable to the expense of spirit in a waste of shame. Theres the potential oedipal reading, with the boy thwarted in an attempt to comprehend his origin; to learn of it from his mother. Or theres the reading that would suggest self-referentiality; it is the poem itself that means nothing.† (Matterson, 38) And there are scores and grosses of interpretations to this lean poem but the overall truth that ultimately catches the readers’ mind is the ultimate sincere approach that the poet takes in this poem. It should be taken into account that the only word capitalized in this poem is the word ‘Forgive’. Why would a poet suddenly capitalize a word in the midst of all lower cased words is he is really not sincere with the meaning of the word? William Carlos Williams’ poems stabilized themselves on the opposite pole of the likes of Ezra Pounds and especially T.S. Eliots whose poetry depicted recurrent use of reference to foreign art, religion, history or languages. He focused himself predominantly on local themes for his poems and with this smell of well know home court it is but impossible to be anything else but sincere. He was, all his life, sincere to his roots, his works and thereby to his poems as this poem â€Å"This Is Just To Say† reflects. Structurally, this poem represents the simplicity that blends just perfectly with sincere thought process of the poem. â€Å"It is typography rather than any kind of phonemic recurrence that provides directions for the speaking voice or for the eye that reads the lines silently.† (Marjorie, 26) The sense of sincerity should not